Simplifying biometry in oil-filled eyes: A novel formula for axial length calculation in eyes with 1000 cSt silicone oil

Purpose: To derive a formula for accurate axial length (AL) assessment using routine ultrasound in silicone oil?filled eyes, where optical biometry is unavailable or not possible. Methods: This was a prospective, consecutive, nonrandomized study of 50 eyes of 50 patients conducted in a tertiary care hospital in North India. AL measurements were taken using both manual A?scan and IOL master, both in silicone oil?filled status and 3 weeks after silicone oil removal. A correction factor of 0.7 was used for AL adjustment in oil?filled eyes. The corrected AL (cAL) was compared with IOL master values in oil?filled eyes. Agreement analysis was carried out using Bland Altman plot. Linear regression analysis was done using uncorrected manual AL to find a new equation. Data was analyzed using Stata 14. A P value <0.05 was taken as significant. Results: The study included 40 males and 10 females, with an age range of 6–83 years (mean 41.9 years). The mean AL of the oil?filled eye as measured by manual A?scan was 31.76 mm ± 3.09 and by IOL master was 24.7 mm ± 1.74. Linear regression analysis was performed in randomly selected 35 eyes of the observed data to obtain a new equation: predicted AL (PAL) = 14 + 0.3 × manual AL. The mean difference between PAL and optically measured AL with silicone oil in situ was 0.98 ± 1.67. Conclusion: We propose a new formula for better prediction of the correct AL in silicone oil?filled eyes using ultrasound?based AL measurement.

Trajectory of the development of caries in the permanent dentition of 12- to 16-year-old students based on a latent class growth model analysis in Liuyang / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@# To explore the trajectory of the development of permanent caries in 12- to 16-year-old students in Liuyang and to provide a reference for the prevention and management of caries.@*Methods@#Primary and secondary school students who were registered within the Liuyang jurisdiction were screened for caries from September to November by the Liuyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A total of 7 297 students between the ages of 12 and 16 years with complete permanent dentition caries monitoring records and traceable deciduous dentition caries monitoring records were selected from 2013 to 2019, and a zero-inflated negative binomial-latent class growth model (ZINB-LCGM) was established to describe the trajectory of the development of individual caries using the decayed missing filled teeth (DMFT) indicators. @*Results@# DMFT of 12- to 16-year-old students in Liuyang were mainly decayed teeth (DT), with the majority occurring in the first permanent molar. According to the ZINB-LCGM model, the students were classified into three latent categories, "slow growth pattern" (28.55%), "rapid growth pattern" (6.59%), and "stable pattern" (64.86%), which followed different nonlinear caries growth trajectories. Females with deciduous teeth caries were more likely to have trajectories showing a “rapid growth pattern” and a “slow growth pattern”. There were significant differences in the trajectories between men and women, as well as between those with and without primary dentition caries. @*Conclusion @# The trajectory of the development of caries in 12-16-year-old students shows heterogeneity in terms of different developmental patterns of latent categories, suggesting that females with deciduous dental caries should receive more attention.

Comparison of optical biometry and conventional acoustic biometry in the axial length measurement in silicone oil-filled eyes

Purpose: To compare the axial length (AL) obtained by A-scan biometry (PAC SCAN 300AP; Sonomed Escalon, USA) and LENSTAR-LS 900 (Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland) in silicone oil (SiO)-filled eyes. Methods: AL measurements were taken in 50 SiO-filled eyes using A-scan and LENSTAR-LS 900 before SiO removal and 1 month following SiO removal. In the subset of patients requiring intraocular lens (IOL) insertion, the predicted refraction and the refraction obtained were compared. IOL power in these patients was calculated using SRK-T formula and the AL obtained by LENSTAR. Results: In SiO-filled eyes, a significant difference was noted between the AL values obtained using the two methods (P = 0.0002). No significant difference was noted after SiO removal (P = 0.634). In the subset of patients needing IOL insertion, no significant difference (P = 0.07) was seen between target refractive error and postoperative refractive error (mean deviation from the target being 0.176 diopter). AL of an SiO-filled eye is more accurately measured using optical low coherence reflectometry (OLCR)-based biometry (LENSTAR) than with conventional acoustic biometry (A-scan). Conclusion: We conclude that LENSTAR gives more accurate biometry in an SiO-filled eye. The AL obtained after SiO removal was comparable and showed no significant difference

Dental Caries and their Relation to HbA1c in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus with poor glycemic control is often associated with dental caries. We aim to assess the relationship between dental caries and HbA1c levels among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Chennai. A cutoff of HbA1c ?7.0 to 7.9% (53–63 mmol/mol) was used to define Group 1 (n = 113) as moderately controlled and HbA1c ?8.0% (64 mmol/mol) to define Group 2 (n = 228) as poorly controlled T2D. The absolute numbers of decayed, missing, and filled teeth were examined to calculate the decayed, missing and filled teeth index. Group 2 had a significantly higher percentage (48.2%) of decayed teeth when compared to Group 1 (28.3%). Group 2 had a 2.65 times higher risk of decayed teeth when adjusted for mean carbohydrate consumption, sweets consumption, oral hygiene, and brushing habit. T2D with higher HbA1c levels is associated with an increased number of decayed teeth. Hence, there is a need for monitoring dental status in T2D as earlier treatment may prevent or delay decay teeth.

Assessing consequences of untreated dental caries using pufa/PUFA index among 6–12 years old schoolchildren in a rural population of Kerala

Context: Dental caries is the most common dental disease of childhood. India with a population of more than 135 crores accounts for a high proportion of dental morbidity. Poor oral health has a significant impact on quality of life, especially in rural areas. The consequences of untreated dental caries include pain, abscess, and space infections which may lead to loss of function and school hours. These consequences are of utmost important while planning a community dental care program. Aims: To assess the prevalence of dental caries, caries experience, and severity of dental caries among 6–12 years old schoolchildren in the rural areas of Kollam District, Kerala State. Settings and Design: A community school-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study in the rural areas of Kollam District. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried among 2194 schoolchildren in the rural areas of Kollam District in the age group of 6–12 years. Children from eight randomly selected schools were examined for pufa/PUFA and dmf/DMF indices. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS version 17.0, Mann-Whitney, t-test, KruskalWallis test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results and Conclusions: Overall caries prevalence among the total population was found to be 74%. The prevalence of caries in the deciduous dentition was 61% and a mean decayed, missing, filled teeth value of 2.74 ± 3.200 and for the permanent dentition the caries prevalence of 26.8% and a mean Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth of 0.66 ± 1.360 were observed. The prevalence of untreated dental caries (pufa/PUFA) was 40.8%. The pufa prevalence in deciduous dentition was 38.3% with a mean pufa of 0.99 ± 1.679. Moreover, the PUFA prevalence in permanent dentition was 4.1% with a mean PUFA of 0.06 ± 0.349. The highest prevalence of untreated dental caries (pufa/PUFA) was found in the 7 years' age group (52%) and the lowest in 12 years' age group (22.4%).

Comparative study on real-world data of water filled and air charged manometry in urodynamic examinations / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective:Evaluate the influence of different pressure transmission media of urodynamic water filled catheter(WFC) and air charged catheter(ACC) on the pressure measurement results to determine whether they can be used interchangeably.Methods:The results of 2 147 patients who underwent urodynamic examination in our hospital from January 2014 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 2 538 times of bladder manometry data were obtained, including 1 299 times in WFC group, 856 times in male and 443 times in female, aged 37(24, 50)years, course of disease 1.2(0.4, 5.0) years, 1 130 times in neurogenic bladder(NB)and 169 times in non-neurogenic bladder(N-NB); In ACC group, there were 1 239 times, 773 times for male and 466 times for female, with age of 37(24, 55)years, course of disease of 1.5(0.5, 6.0)years, 1 040 times for Nb and 199 times for N-NB. There was no significant difference in baseline data of general clinical data between the two groups. The intravesical pressure(Pves), intra-abdominal pressure(Pabd)and detrusor pressure(Pdet) of WFC and ACC patients during filling and urination were analyzed. For traumatic spinal cord injury(SCI) and idiopathic patients, the two sets of pressure measurement data were analyzed separately. Nonparametric test and Chi-square test were used to compare the Pves, Pabd, and Pdet recorded by the two manometry catheters before, at the end and after urination, the maximum detrusor pressure at DO(Pdet.max-DO), and the maximum detrusor pressure during spontaneous urination (Pdet. max) and the detrusor pressure (Pdet.Qmax) corresponding to the maximum urine flow rate, the maximum urethral pressure (MUP) and the maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) during resting urethral pressure profile, and the initial cough Pdet signal pattern (typeⅠ, typeⅡand typeⅢ).Results:Regardless of the cause, the Pabd values measured by ACC were significantly higher than WFC before filling, end filling and after voiding[18(10, 26)cmH 2O vs.15(11, 21)cmH 2O; 23(16, 31)cmH 2O vs. 20(14, 26)cmH 2O; 23(15, 31)cmH 2O vs.18(12, 24)cmH 2O], and Pdet were significantly lower than WFC[0(0, 0) cmH 2O vs. 0(0, 1)cmH 2O; 5(1, 13)cmH 2O vs. 9(4, 17)cmH 2O; 6(1, 12)cmH 2O vs. 7(3, 14)cmH 2O]. In the initial cough state, Pves and Pabd increase value were also significantly lower than that of WFC [22(12, 36)cmH 2O vs. 23(14, 38)cmH 2O; 20(10, 33)cmH 2O vs. 21(12, 36)cmH 2O]. The Pves measured by ACC was also significantly higher than WFC before filling and after voiding[18(10, 27)cmH 2O vs. 16(11, 21)cmH 2O; 30(22, 39)cmH 2O vs. 26(20, 36)cmH 2O]. Maximum urethral pressure (MUP) and maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) measured by ACC were significantly higher than WFC [91(69, 118)cmH 2O vs.81(64, 106)cmH 2O; 77(55, 103)cmH 2O vs. 68(48, 91)cmH 2O], and there were no significant differences in Pdet.max-DO、Pdet.max和Pdet.Qmax. For patients with traumatic SCI, the Pves measured by ACC was significantly higher than WFC before filling[15(10, 24)cmH 2O vs. 14(10, 20)cmH 2O], and only MUP was significantly higher than WFC in the measurement of urethral pressure[95(71, 119)cmH 2O vs. 85(65, 112)cmH 2O], and there were no significant differences in Pdet.max-DO, Pdet.max, Pdet.Qmax and MUCP. For idiopathic patients, Pves measured by ACC before filling and after urination were significantly higher than WFC[25(20, 29)cmH 2O vs. 18(11, 23)cmH 2O; 35(29, 44)cmH 2O vs. 28(20, 38)cmH 2O], while Pdet.max-DO, Pdet.max, Pdet.Q max, MUP and MUCP were not significantly different in different pressure measurement systems. For the comparison of the initial cough Pdet signal pattern, ACC is easier to detect type Ⅰ, and WFC is easier to detect type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ. Conclusions:Compared with WFC, ACC measured higher Pves and Pabd and lower Pdet in resting state, and lower Pves and Pabd in initial cough state. The pressure values and signal pattern measured by WFC and ACC are not completely consistent, so they cannot be used interchangeably.

The similarities and differences between air-charged catheters and water-filled catheters in the application of pressure-flow study / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective:We compare the consistency, similarities and differences of operating procedures, data and conclusions of air-charged catheters(ACC) and water-filled catheters(WFC), as simultaneously using ACC and WFC in pressure-flow study(PFS).Methods:This study was a prospective, synchronously controlled study, including eligible patients who underwent PFS in the Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital from January 2021 to March 2021. Inclusion criteria: ① Patients need PFS for lower urinary tract symptoms like frequency of urination, urgent urination, urinary incontinence and dysuria; ② Age over 18 years old. Exclusion criteria: ① Unable to complete or cooperate during the urodynamic test; ② Patients with severe urethral stricture or acute stage urinary tract infection; ③ Pregnant women. The bladder pressure was measured continuously by using a 7FDR T-DOC ?AC three-chamber bladder pressure tube, which linked to ACC sensor and improved WFC pressure conduction module. At the same time, 7FA T-DOC ?AC single-lumen rectal pressure tube and 7F Labori-CAT411 double-lumen water sac abdominal pressure tube was used to measure the ACC and WFC rectum pressure, respectively. We recorded the Pdet, Pves and Pabd measured by ACC and WFC, at the point of initial sitting position, bladder filling at 100 ml, 150 ml, 200 ml, cough, Q max, maximum Pdet and the end of urination, and compared the mean values, differences, and consistencies of our data. Result:A total of 63 patients (26 female, 37 male) were included in this study, with an average age of 59.19 years (25-86 years old). During bladder filling phase, the mean values of Pves measured by ACC and WFC were 30.78/24.67cmH 2O (initial sitting position), 29.79/25.13cmH 2O (100 ml), 30.87/25.90cmH 2O (150 ml) and 30.95/26.17cmH 2O(200 ml), respectively, the mean value of Pabd were 30.03/24.17cmH 2O (initial sitting position), 28.81/21.78cmH 2O (100ml), 28.89/21.38cmH 2O (150ml), 28.44/21.60cmH 2O (200ml), respectively, and were significantly different at each sampling point ( P<0.01). During urination period, no significant differences were found in data( P>0.05), and the data measured with ACC and WFC system have good consistency. There were significant differences in Pves(mean 57.30/49.95 cmH 2O, respectively) and Pdet(mean 54.21/43.10 cmH 2O, respectively) between ACC and WFC in cough ( P<0.01), but there was a strong linear correlation between these data between two systems(R 2=0.792 in Pves and 0.756 in Pabd). Bland-Altman analysis showed that detrusor pressure at the maximum urine flow rate maintained good consistency between ACC and WFC, which 95% CI was -13.9 cmH 2O to 15.8 cmH 2O. Conclusions:In PFS, although the ACC measurement values (Pves and Pabd) during the filling phase are higher than those WFC readings, but the absolute measurement difference is small, so there is no practical meaning in clinical practice. There was no significant difference in detrusor pressure measured during voiding phase, which indicated that the urodynamic judgment and clinical conclusions of the two systems are highly consistent in judgment of the detrusor contractility and the bladder outlet obstruction.

Clinical study of IOL Master in patients with silicone oil eye complicated with cataract / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To explore the postoperative refractive error and influence factors using the Optical Biometry(IOL Master)in patients with silicone oil filled eye complicated cataract after silicone oil removal combined with cataract surgery.<p>METHODS: From August 2020 to November 2020 in the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, 41 patients with silicone oil removal combined with cataract surgery were divided into 2 groups: 18 patients(18 eyes)in high myopia group and 23 patients(23 eyes)in non-high myopia group. Collected and recorded the patients' IOL Master measurement data. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS20.0.<p>RESULTS: The mean spherical degree or astigmatism of the IOL Master measurement and refraction in high myopia and non-high myopia group performed by paired <i>t</i>-test(<i>P</i>>0.05). The mean axial difference ΔAL were -0.28±0.29 and 0.05±0.31mm between the two groups has no difference(<i>P</i><0.05), while ΔK, mean absolute refractive error(MARE)and Δastigmatism(<i>P</i>>0.05). The preoperative and postoperative axial length(AL)in high myopia groups were 28.37±1.73 and 28.10±1.55mm(<i>t</i>=3.994, <i>P</i><0.05), yet the non-high myopia group(<i>P</i>>0.05). Bivariate linear correlation analysis: in the high myopia group, there was a moderate positive correlation between preoperative AL and MARE(<i>r</i>=0.742, <i>P</i><0.05), and a moderate negative correlation between ΔAL and MARE(<i>r</i>=-0.646, <i>P</i><0.05), but in non-high myopia group, preoperative AL, ΔAL, preoperative K, ΔK had no correlation(<i>P</i>>0.05).<p>CONCLUSION: IOL Master performed the small biostatistical error and high measurement accuracy of the intraocular lens in patients with silicone oil filled eye complicated cataract. The longer preoperative AL, the more changes in the axial length after silicone oil removal, and the greater the refractive error of patients with high myopia silicone oil filled eye complicated cataract.

Caries en la tercera edad en una universidad de la ciudad de Puebla 2017-2018 / Caries in the third age in a university of the City of Puebla 2017-2018

La caries es una infección que afecta a cualquier persona sin importar edad, género o clase social. Es importante enfocar la atención odontológica a pacientes de tercera edad ya que tienden a un crecimiento anual de 3.8% de la población mexicana. Actualmente, se han realizado campañas de salud bucal para esta población; a pesar de los múltiples esfuerzos realizados para la prevención y erradicación de dicha enfermedad existe un descuido en los tratamientos para pacientes de la tercera edad, lo cual puede favorecer la pérdida de dientes. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y severidad de caries en adultos mayores en la clínica de odontología de la Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo; se revisaron 345 expedientes de pacientes de tercera edad del 2017 al 2018, que asistieron por primera vez a consulta. Se obtiene la prevalencia y severidad a través del índice CPOD (cariados, perdidos y obturados). La prevalencia de dientes cariados fue 79%; se obtuvo un CPOD de 18.63 (alto riesgo). Se concluye el implementar medidas preventivas que impacten en mayor dimensión a la caries, para su disminución o erradicación en pacientes geriátricos (AU)

Caries is an infection that affects anyone regardless of their age, gender or social class. It is, however, important to focus dental care on elderly patients as that part of the Mexican population is growing at 3.8% annually. Currently, oral health campaigns have been carried out for this population, but despite the multiple efforts undertaken for prevention and eradication of the disease, treatment for elderly patients is often overlooked. The consequence of this lack of treatment can be the loss of teeth. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and severity of caries in elderly patients at the dental clinic of the Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP). A descriptive, retrospective study was carried out where the records of 345 elderly, first-time patients were reviewed for the 2017-2018 period. The prevalence and severity of caries was determined using the DMFT index (decay, missing, filled). The prevalence of carious teeth was 79% with a DMFT of 18.63 indicating high risk. We conclude that preventive measures should be implemented to impact and decrease caries in geriatric patients (AU)

Air-Filled Substrate Integrated Waveguide for Smart Health Applications

@#Introduction: For “smart health” Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications, substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is a promising component to construct a wearable microwave device. For its efficacy in wearable devices, minimizing signal losses in terms of return and transition losses in SIW is of paramount importance. To enhance its performance, this paper presents the characterization of air-filled SIW transition losses for the SIW microwave device. Method: To investigate the effect of transition length on losses, the full-wave analysis of an air-filled SIW with different lengths of the taper transition was presented. For the analysis, the linear taper is designed for the Roger RT/Duroid 6002 substrate and utilized in the Ka-band frequencies. Result: From the full-wave analysis results, the length of the transition taper can be reduced considerably while achieving a wide-bandwidth characteristic of return loss better than 20 GHz. The results also show that the transmission loss can be reliably reduced while reducing the size of the SIW component. Conclusion: The findings may contribute to the development of the compact design of wearable microwave devices having a comparable performance with the conventional waveguide.

The Relation Between Decay Missing Filled-Teeth (DMF-t), Body Mass Index (BMI) with Salivary Human Beta-3 (HBD-3) Secretion in Children with Caries and Free Caries

@#Introduction: Dental caries in children is a major problem of mouth disease throughout the world, so too is there currently an increase in health problems in children due to obesity. Human Beta defensing(HBD) has been found in saliva and from several studies stated that HBD aside from being a broad-spectrum antimicrobial can act as an immunomodulator. The purpose of this study is to reveal whether there is a relationship between obesity and HBD-3 salivary concentration in caries patients and caries-free patients. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was involved 62 children with caries and caries-free, aged 9-11 years, students at Qommarudin Islamic Boarding School, Gresik, East Java Indonesia. dental caries examination, carried out in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria. Body mass index (BMI) was measured from the height and weight of individuals, HBD3 concentrations were tested with an ELISA kit from Bioassay Technology Laboratory (China) from saliva samples. Evaluate the results with the Kruskal Wallis test, followed by the Mann-Whitney test. The level of significance used in this statistical test was 0.05. Results: there was a relationship between BMI level and HBD-3 concentration in the caries group (p <0.05, p = 0.009) with a moderate level of association. but there was no significant relationship in the caries-free group (p> 0.05, p = 0.189). Conclusion: There was an association between BMI and HBD-3 salivary concentration in caries patients but there was no relationship in the caries-free group.

Evaluation of oral health status of 15 years old school going children in district Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

Background: Dental caries and Gum diseases are the major public health problem in developed and developing countries both and the prevalence is more during the childhood specially in lower socioeconomic strata of our society so present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of dental and gum diseases among the 15 years of age school going children.Methods: This study was conducted among 15 years old children of government rural schools in the catchment area of Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, District Indore after getting ethical approval from institutional ethical committee, 400 students were included till the required sample size was achieved. Oral cavity examination was done by a team of evaluated for oral health status by a trained examiner who took training in department of community dentistry and Pedo-odontology. Data was entered and analysed by using SPSS.Results: Present study reveals that 38% of participants had dental decay out of which was more there in boys and found statistically significant <0.05. Majority of participants (70%) had normal gums only 4% had bleeding gums. 9% of the the participants had hypoplastic enemal.Conclusions: The current study explores that the dental decay is the major oral health problem followed by calculus. Oral health education and oral cavity examination should be done at a regular interval study.

Prevalence of dental caries, oral health awareness and treatment-seeking behavior of elderly population in rural Maharashtra

Background and Objective: There have been numerous studies of oral health status of school children and young population; however, similar studies in elderly population in India are lacking. With advances in medical science and consequent increase in life expectancy, elderly population is on the rise and is a subject of growing concern for public health policy. Hence, an attempt was made to study factors influencing decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, oral health awareness, and dental treatment-seeking behavior of elderly population. Methods: A cross-sectional community-based survey was conducted between September 2014 and December 2014 in villages in rural Maharashtra. Sociodemographic and health-related information were collected from 352 participants 60 years of age and above in 10 villages. Results: Prevalence of dental caries was 76.4% in a study population with median DMFT score of 12 with interquartile range of 7–22. The majority of the participants cleaned their teeth with fingers using charcoal and mishri. Only 17.2% participants used toothbrush. About 39% participants had experienced dental pain, of which majority did not visit dentist. The median DMFT index who used toothbrush and toothpaste was significantly less when compared with participants who did not use tooth brush and tooth paste. The majority of the participants had one or more missing teeth, but only 2.2% were using dentures. Conclusion: There is an urgent need for comprehensive oral health educational programs, and accessible and affordable oral health services to be provided to rural community.

Patterns of oral hygiene behaviors, daily habits, and caries prevalence in India and dominican republic: A comparative study

Background: The purpose of the study was to gain integrative knowledge on oral hygiene behaviors and daily habits affecting caries experience among rural people in India and Dominican Republic (DR). Materials and Methods: Participants were recruited in two countries: La Esquina community, Province Maria Trinidad Sanchez in DR and in Ramgarh, district Chhindwara in the state of Madhya Pradesh in India. A total of 104 participants (18–80 years) were in the DR sample while 202 participants (18–85 years) were in the Indian sample. Face-to-face interviews collected information on oral hygiene behaviors, daily habits, and dental care. The caries experience was quantified using decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index. Results: There were significant differences in a few oral hygiene behaviors, daily habits, and levels of caries experience between the Dominican and Indian subgroups. Use of toothbrush (χ2 = 65.2; P < 0.001), self-reported use of fluoridated toothpaste (χ2 = 94.04; P < 0.001), use of tobacco (χ2 = 32.4; P < 0.001), dental visit (χ2 = 24.84; P < 0.001), attitude toward seeking professional dental care (χ2 = 85.07; P < 0.001), and DMFT scores (F = 13.3; P < 0.001) were significantly different between the two countries. The caries experience was higher in the Dominicans (9.6 ± 8.0 vs. 4.0 ± 5.7) than India's rural. Conclusions: Oral health practices varied considerably between rural populations in these two countries. Caries prevalence was significantly higher in Dominicans despite higher consumption of tobacco and lesser use of toothbrush among rural Indians in the subcontinent.

Comparison of Water Filled and Air Charged Urodynamic Pressure Measuring Catheters (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

Urodynamics is able to reproduce the patient's lower urinary tract symptoms and to explain patient's bladder problems objectively. Currently, the most commonly used urodynamic manometry catheter is water filled catherters, which is widely recognized due to its economic and healthy advantages. However, air bubbles and patient's activities can affect the quality and speed of signal transduction, interfering the explanation of the pressure results. The air-filled catheters are easy to operate, and the measures are unaffected by air bubbles and patient's activities, which have gradually begun to be used in urodynamic study in some areas. However, there are several differences between them in terms of fluid mechanics principle, zero set and detailed operations which directly and indirectly lead to the different pressure results. The researches on air-filled catheters at home and abroad are still not perfect. This article gave a detailed comparison between them based on the present studies from the following aspects: the essential structure, the developing history, the fluid mechanics principle, the zero pressure point setting, the frequency response, the cystometrogram, the urethral pressure profile, the conversion algorithm, and the urinary tract infection after the investigation, etc.

Surgical removal of subfoveal perfluorocarbon liquid using combined flute needle and vacuum aspiration in silicone oil-filled eyes: A novel technique to remove subfoveal PFCL

We report a procedure using a pressure-controllable flute needle to remove subfoveal retention of perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) under silicone oil. With a two-port pars plana approach, we used a 27-gauge dental injection needle to create a retinotomy at the farthest edge of the PFCL bubble from the fovea. A 27-gauge flute needle was then inserted into the edge of the subfoveal PFCL to aspirate it with vacuum pressure. Three patients with subfoveal retained PFCL were treated by this procedure within silicone oil tamponade 1 month after the first operation. They promptly underwent successful removal of the PFCL with postoperative retinal reattachment and good visual outcome. This procedure allows safe and early treatment for subfoveal retained PFCL. Many medical institutions around the world could implement this procedure using common dental injection needles and flute needles.

A comparative study on early childhood caries detection by using international caries detection and assessment system-Ⅱ and WHO criteria / 中华口腔医学杂志

Objective@#To investigate and compare the sensitivities of early childhood caries detection by using international caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS)-Ⅱ and WHO criteria.@*Methods@#A total of 449 3-year-old children from four day care kindergartens in Beijing were enrolled in this study. Both ICDAS-Ⅱ and WHO criteria were used to assess the prevalence of caries in the given subjects. The decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) index scores were calculated. In ICDAS-Ⅱ system, four cut-off points (D1, D2, D3 and D4) were employed to differentiate sound and decayed teeth: D1 (score 0 as sound, scores 1-6 as caries); D2 (0-1 sound, 2-6 caries); D3 (0-2 sound, 3-6 caries) and D4 (0-3 sound, 4-6 caries). SPSS software was used to analyze the data to decide the significance of differences.@*Results@#The caries prevalence using ICDAS-Ⅱ were 76.6% (344/449), 71.3% (320/449), 52.8% (237/449) and 46.1% (207/449) for D1 to D4, respectively; the corresponding mean dmft scores were 4.95±4.85, 4.41±4.77, 2.54±3.69 and 1.97±3.10. The sites with highest caries prevalence were occlusal surface of mandibular molars in groups of D1 and D2 and proximal surface of maxillary anterior teeth in groups D3 and D4. In contrast, the caries prevalence was 48.8% (219/449) and the mean dmft was 2.27±3.54 when using WHO criteria, significantly lower than the detection rates by using ICDAS-Ⅱ (D1-D2) (P=0.00). This suggested that ICDAS-Ⅱ system was a more sensitive method in detecting early childhood caries.@*Conclusions@#ICDAS-Ⅱ system might be superior in detection of incipient caries and be of specific value in prevention of early childhood caries.

Application of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene in filling nasal base / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To investigate the effect and safety of PTFE filling on correction of nasal basal treatment of midfacial sag.Methods Top of the vestibular sulcus groove was cut along the alveolar mucosa under direct maxillary periosteum,and then face inward in depression and the side line of the scope of subperiosteal separation from near to the medial nasal spine and the lateral side of pyriform aperture;range of separation was the same of both sides as marked before operation,slightly larger than the prosthesis;then the arc being carved,which was consistent with the nasal triangle expansion,was implanted into sub-periosteal site along pear-shaped arc edge of the hole placement and the prosthesis was fixed;as the appearance was satisfied,the incision was sutured.Results Clinical follow-up lasted for 6 months,and all the wound healing was well in primary intention without infection,implant exposure and other complications and facial expressions were natural.The filled results were satisfactory.Conclusions For correction of midfacial depression without need of osteotomy,nasal application of PTFE filling is simple with good efficacy and it is worth promoting.

Comparison of caries and sealants between Shanghai native and migrant 12-year-old students from 2013 to 2015 / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective·To compare the caries prevalence, unmet restoration needs and sealant prevalence between Shanghai 12-year-old native and migrant students from 2013 to 2015. Methods·From 2013 to 2015, a random cluster sample of 12-year-old native and migrant students was selected from each district in Shanghai. World Health Organization (WHO) indices were used to assess decayed-missing-filled teeth of permanent dentition (DMFT). The prevalence of caries and sealants, caries filling rate, unmet dental restoration needs and the value of DMFT were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and chi-squared test. Results·A total of 2500 students were examined from 2013 to 2015, among which 36.8％ were migrants. There was no significant difference in caries prevalence and DMFT value between native and migrant students from 2013 to 2015. Sealant prevalence of migrants was significantly lower than that of natives in 2013 (0.8％ vs 6.6％) and 2015 (3.0％ vs 9.9％). Unmet restoration needs of migrants were significantly higher than those of natives in 2015 (60.5％ vs 46.4％). Conclusion·There was no significant difference in caries prevalence between 12-year-old native and migrant students in Shanghai from 2013 to 2015. But there were lower sealants and higher unmet restoration needs in 12-year-old migrant students than their native counterparts, even though free public dental health services were available to both groups.

Comparative Evaluation of the Bleaching Efficacy of 16% Carbamide Peroxide and 30% Hydrogen Peroxide – An In-vitro Study

Aim To evaluate the bleaching efficacy of 16% carbamide peroxide, 30%hydrogen peroxide for intracoronal bleaching of root filled discoloured tooth. Methodology Extracted teeth were artificially stained using human blood then centrifuged under 3,200 rpm speed for 30 min thrice daily for a period of 2 days to enhance penetration of the haemolysed red blood cells into the dentinal tubules. The precipitate was removed, and the teeth were immersed in the remaining haemoglobin-rich haemolysate for further 2 days, centrifuging it thrice daily for 30 min. The resultant discoloured teeth were then washed in distilled water. Root canal treatment was performed. After obturation, a 2-mm intermediate base of Intermediate restorative material IRM was placed to 1-mm apical to the cementoenamel junction. Teeth were divided into three groups with 10 teeth per group. Intracoronal bleaching was performed using either 35% carbamide peroxide gel (group CP) in one group, 35% hydrogen peroxide gel (group HP) in another group and distilled water in the control group as the third group. The bleaching agents were replaced after 5 days. The shade of the teeth was evaluated at day 0, 5 and 10 using VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Sa¨ckingen, Germany) shade guide. The results were analysed using Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance and Mann–Whitney U-test. Results When superoxol and control group are compared, there shows a clear difference of significance between these two materials. But when superoxol and carbamide peroxide are compared, there is no difference of significance. Both superoxol and carbamide peroxide showed same results. Both are effective bleaching agents. Conclusion In our study we noticed that 16% carbamide peroxide and 30% hydrogen peroxide are equally effective in the treatment of intracoronal bleaching which we observed in a 5,10,15 days of regular intervals.